VMR Logics &ndash; All-in-One Full Course for Govt Jobs
Get ready for all major Central &amp; State Government Exams with our exclusive All-in-One Full Course, covering 20 essential subjects in a single, power-packed program.
🎯 What You&rsquo;ll Get:
<ul>
	<li>
	Comprehensive coverage of syllabus for:
	<ul>
		<li>
		SI &amp; Constable Exams
		</li>
		<li>
		SSC (CGL, CHSL, MTS, etc.)
		</li>
		<li>
		Bank Exams (IBPS, SBI, etc.)
		</li>
		<li>
		Railway Exams
		</li>
		<li>
		Other State &amp; Central Govt Exams
		</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>
	Expert guidance from experienced faculty
	</li>
	<li>
	Updated content as per latest exam pattern
	</li>
	<li>
	Bilingual (English + Telugu) support for better understanding
	</li>
</ul>
📞 For Queries: 8881888366 / 8886396665

20 SUBJECTS  EXCLUSIVE FULL COURSE USEFUL FOR ALL STATE AND CENTRAL EXAMS

VMR Logics

Welcome to our comprehensive online course&nbsp;for the SCCL Junior Assistant exam with 3 months validity conducted by the Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) at VMR Logics APP. This course is meticulously designed to prepare aspirants for the offline examination, which carries a total of 120 marks. Our course ensures thorough coverage of the prescribed syllabus to help candidates qualify for the coveted SCCL Junior Assistant job profile.
Course Objectives:
<ol>
	<li>Provide in-depth coverage of all subjects and topics included in the SCCL Junior Assistant exam syllabus.</li>
	<li>Equip candidates with the necessary knowledge, skills, and strategies to excel in each section of the exam.</li>
	<li>Offer comprehensive study materials, including video lectures, PDF notes, and practice quizzes, for effective learning.</li>
	<li>Foster a conceptual understanding of key concepts, enabling candidates to apply their knowledge effectively during the exam.</li>
	<li>Provide regular mock exams and practice tests to assess candidates&#39; progress and enhance their exam-taking abilities.</li>
	<li>Offer guidance and support from experienced instructors to address candidates&#39; doubts and queries.</li>
</ol>
Exam Pattern and Syllabus: The SCCL Junior Assistant exam consists of six subjects, each covering specific topics essential for success. Here&#39;s an overview of the subjects and topics covered:
<ol>
	<li>General Studies:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Making of the Constitution of India</li>
	<li>Basic Structure of the Constitution</li>
	<li>Parliamentary System</li>
	<li>Citizenship</li>
	<li>Directive Principles of State Policy</li>
	<li>Emergency Provisions</li>
	<li>Electoral Reforms</li>
	<li>Panchayati Raj Systems</li>
	<li>Right to Information Act 2005</li>
	<li>Important constitutional amendments</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>English Language:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Vocabulary (Homonyms, Antonyms, Synonyms)</li>
	<li>Word Formation</li>
	<li>Spelling</li>
	<li>Grammar (Spotting Errors, Phrases and Idioms, Direct and Indirect speech, Active / Passive voice)</li>
	<li>Reading Comprehension</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>Current Affairs:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings</li>
	<li>International Organizations</li>
	<li>International Relations</li>
	<li>International Trade &amp; Treaties</li>
	<li>Polity &amp; Governance</li>
	<li>National Security</li>
	<li>Judiciary</li>
	<li>Social Issues</li>
	<li>Indian Art, Culture &amp; Heritage</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>History, Culture &amp; Heritage of India &amp; Telangana:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Art &amp; Culture of Telangana</li>
	<li>History of Telangana</li>
	<li>Important Kingdoms related to Telangana History</li>
	<li>Historical Places of Telangana</li>
	<li>Festivals in Telangana State</li>
	<li>Indian Culture: An Introduction</li>
	<li>Mining history in India</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>Aptitude &amp; Logical Reasoning:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Time and Work</li>
	<li>Ratio and Proportion</li>
	<li>Simple and Compound Interest</li>
	<li>Percentage</li>
	<li>Time and Distance</li>
	<li>Problems on Trains</li>
	<li>Probability</li>
	<li>Analytical Reasoning</li>
	<li>Non-Verbal Test</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>Computer Basics:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Basics of Hardware and software</li>
	<li>Windows operating system basics</li>
	<li>Internet terms and Services</li>
	<li>Basic Functionalities of MS Office</li>
	<li>Networking and communication</li>
	<li>Database basics</li>
	<li>Basics of Hacking</li>
	<li>Security Tools</li>
	<li>Viruses</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
Course Features:
<ul>
	<li>Comprehensive coverage from basic to advanced levels</li>
	<li>Exam-oriented strategies with best shortcut methods tailored for success</li>
	<li>A 100% conceptual approach to learning</li>
	<li>Offline PDF downloads available</li>
	<li>Topic-wise and Full mock exams for thorough preparation</li>
	<li>Engaging discussions on recent previous papers</li>
	<li>24/7 access to video courses, anytime, anywhere</li>
	<li>Option for offline video download for seamless studying.</li>
</ul>
Enroll now in our SCCL Junior Assistant (Singareni Junior Assistant) Online Course and pave your way towards a successful career with Singareni Collieries Company Limited!
For more details contact 8881888366 or 8886396665

SINGARENI (3 MONTHS VALIDITY) JUNIOR ASSISTANT COMPLETE COURSE**

Course Overview:
Welcome to the Ultimate Competitive Exam Mastery course by VMR LOGICS, designed to give you a competitive edge in various central and state-level exams like Banking, SSC CGL/CHSL/MTS/GD Constable, RRB, SI and Constable, Group 1, 2, 3, and 4, Intelligence Bureau, Singareni, and more. This comprehensive one-year course includes three meticulously crafted PDF booklets, all in English medium, to equip you with the essential knowledge and practice you need to succeed.
What You&#39;ll Get:
1. Monthly Magazine Handbook for Current Affairs:
Content: This handbook is divided into different sections, catering to the specific needs of various exams.
Coverage: Topics include Books and Authors, Quick Bytes, Recent Appointments, National and International News, Banking and Economy, MOUs Signed, Awards and Recognition, Sports, Science and Technology, Obituary, Defence Exercises, Trending Topics, Important Days, and a GS Question Bank with 250 questions.
Bonus: Solved question papers for various competitive exams are also included to give you a real exam experience.
 
2. Monthly Current Affairs and General Awareness Booklet:
Content: Contains 10 Current Affairs practice mock tests and 10 General Awareness practice mock tests, with detailed solutions and explanations.
Format: The tests include multiple-choice questions, statement-based questions, and match-the-following questions.
Coverage: Based on daily leading newspapers, this booklet helps you stay updated with a wide range of practice questions relevant to any government exam. 
&nbsp;
3. Monthly Current Affairs Booster:
Content: Covers Business News, Financial News, Economy News, Politics, Indian News, Breaking News, Indian Economy, International News, Sports News, and Important Personalities.
Features: Includes sections like &quot;LET&#39;S Recap,&quot; infographics, and detailed explanations on various topics to enhance your understanding and retention.
 
Why Enroll in This Course?
Comprehensive Coverage: Get access to well-rounded material that covers every aspect of current affairs and general awareness needed for competitive exams.
Practice &amp; Revision: With numerous practice tests and solved question papers, you can assess your preparation level and improve where necessary.
Stay Updated: Regularly updated content ensures you stay on top of the latest news and trends.
Exam-Focused: Designed specifically to meet the requirements of multiple competitive exams, helping you to be well-prepared and confident.
Join us in the Ultimate Competitive Exam Mastery course and take a significant step towards achieving your career goals!&nbsp; 
For more information, call us at 📞 8881888366&nbsp;or&nbsp;8886396665

360° All-in-one Ultimate Competitive  Exam Mastery (EM): Current Affairs and General Awareness one year Success Pack (PDF booklets) for all competitive exams.

<h3>📌 Daily Assignments &ndash; Arithmetic, Reasoning, English, DI &amp; Puzzle of the Day</h3>
📚 Course Description: 
Stay consistent with your preparation with daily practice assignments designed for Banking, SSC, Railway, Police, and other competitive exams. This course provides Arithmetic, Reasoning, English, Data Interpretation, and Puzzle of the Day, helping aspirants improve speed, accuracy, and problem-solving skills daily.
🎯 Useful for: 
All Banking, SSC, Railway, Group, APPSC, TGPSC, and other competitive exams.
💡 Highlights:
<ul>
	<li>
	Daily practice with carefully curated questions
	</li>
	<li>
	Focus on all major topics including DI, Puzzles, and English
	</li>
	<li>
	Step-by-step solutions and explanations
	</li>
	<li>
	Helps in building speed, accuracy, and confidence
	</li>
	<li>
	Track your progress &amp; identify weak areas
	</li>
</ul>
🔥 Practice Daily, Score Higher &ndash; Make Every Day Count with VMR Logics!

DAILY ASSIGNMENTS QUANT+REASONING+ENGLISH

<h3>📝 Daily Quiz &amp; Knowledge Booster &ndash; Current Affairs, GK &amp; Financial Awareness</h3>
📚 Course Description: 
Stay ahead in your exam preparation with daily quizzes and bite-sized learning. This course provides Current Affairs One-Liners, Daily GA, Daily GS, Daily Static GK, Daily Financial Awareness, and Question of the Day, helping aspirants revise important facts, sharpen their general knowledge, and stay exam-ready every day.
🎯 Useful for: 
All Banking, SSC, Railway, Police, Group, APPSC, TGPSC, and other competitive exams.
💡 Highlights:
<ul>
	<li>
	Daily quizzes covering current affairs, general knowledge, and financial awareness
	</li>
	<li>
	Concise one-liners for easy retention
	</li>
	<li>
	Question of the Day for practice and revision
	</li>
	<li>
	Helps track progress and strengthen weak areas
	</li>
	<li>
	Ideal for consistent, exam-oriented preparation
	</li>
</ul>
🔥 Revise Daily, Practice Smart, Score High &ndash; Make Every Day Count with VMR Logics!

DAILY MCQ's QUIZ (3 MONTHS VALIDITY)**

📢 AP High Court
Course Highlights:
<ul>
	<li>
	Medium: Available in both Telugu and English
	</li>
	<li>
	Duration Options: 3 Months &amp; 6 Months
	</li>
	<li>
	Eligibility: Open to candidates with 7th Class, 10th Class, Intermediate, or Degree qualifications
	</li>
	<li>
	Course Type: Complete Preparation Course
	</li>
</ul>
What We Offer:
<ul>
	<li>
	Concept-Oriented Teaching by expert faculty
	</li>
	<li>
	Free PDFs
	</li>
	<li>
	Topic-wise Mock Tests&nbsp;for 6, 12 months validity courses
	</li>
	<li>
	24/7 Access to Video Lectures
	</li>
	<li>
	Downloadable Content &ndash; Watch offline anytime, anywhere
	</li>
	<li>
	Updated Syllabus based on the latest exam pattern
	</li>
</ul>
💼 Prepare with confidence and maximize your chances of selection!
📞 For Queries Contact: 
8886396665 / 8881888366
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;

AP HIGH COURT 2025 BILINGUAL T/M & E/M COURSE ( 1620 POSTS )**

Welcome to our comprehensive online course&nbsp;for the SCCL Junior Assistant exam with 6 months validity conducted by the Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) at VMR Logics APP. This course is meticulously designed to prepare aspirants for the offline examination, which carries a total of 120 marks. Our course ensures thorough coverage of the prescribed syllabus to help candidates qualify for the coveted SCCL Junior Assistant job profile.
Course Objectives:
<ol>
	<li>Provide in-depth coverage of all subjects and topics included in the SCCL Junior Assistant exam syllabus.</li>
	<li>Equip candidates with the necessary knowledge, skills, and strategies to excel in each section of the exam.</li>
	<li>Offer comprehensive study materials, including video lectures, PDF notes, and practice quizzes, for effective learning.</li>
	<li>Foster a conceptual understanding of key concepts, enabling candidates to apply their knowledge effectively during the exam.</li>
	<li>Provide regular mock exams and practice tests to assess candidates&#39; progress and enhance their exam-taking abilities.</li>
	<li>Offer guidance and support from experienced instructors to address candidates&#39; doubts and queries.</li>
</ol>
Exam Pattern and Syllabus: The SCCL Junior Assistant exam consists of six subjects, each covering specific topics essential for success. Here&#39;s an overview of the subjects and topics covered:
<ol>
	<li>General Studies:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Making of the Constitution of India</li>
	<li>Basic Structure of the Constitution</li>
	<li>Parliamentary System</li>
	<li>Citizenship</li>
	<li>Directive Principles of State Policy</li>
	<li>Emergency Provisions</li>
	<li>Electoral Reforms</li>
	<li>Panchayati Raj Systems</li>
	<li>Right to Information Act 2005</li>
	<li>Important constitutional amendments</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>English Language:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Vocabulary (Homonyms, Antonyms, Synonyms)</li>
	<li>Word Formation</li>
	<li>Spelling</li>
	<li>Grammar (Spotting Errors, Phrases and Idioms, Direct and Indirect speech, Active / Passive voice)</li>
	<li>Reading Comprehension</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>Current Affairs:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings</li>
	<li>International Organizations</li>
	<li>International Relations</li>
	<li>International Trade &amp; Treaties</li>
	<li>Polity &amp; Governance</li>
	<li>National Security</li>
	<li>Judiciary</li>
	<li>Social Issues</li>
	<li>Indian Art, Culture &amp; Heritage</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>History, Culture &amp; Heritage of India &amp; Telangana:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Art &amp; Culture of Telangana</li>
	<li>History of Telangana</li>
	<li>Important Kingdoms related to Telangana History</li>
	<li>Historical Places of Telangana</li>
	<li>Festivals in Telangana State</li>
	<li>Indian Culture: An Introduction</li>
	<li>Mining history in India</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>Aptitude &amp; Logical Reasoning:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Time and Work</li>
	<li>Ratio and Proportion</li>
	<li>Simple and Compound Interest</li>
	<li>Percentage</li>
	<li>Time and Distance</li>
	<li>Problems on Trains</li>
	<li>Probability</li>
	<li>Analytical Reasoning</li>
	<li>Non-Verbal Test</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
<ol>
	<li>Computer Basics:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
	<li>Basics of Hardware and software</li>
	<li>Windows operating system basics</li>
	<li>Internet terms and Services</li>
	<li>Basic Functionalities of MS Office</li>
	<li>Networking and communication</li>
	<li>Database basics</li>
	<li>Basics of Hacking</li>
	<li>Security Tools</li>
	<li>Viruses</li>
	<li>And more.</li>
</ul>
Course Features:
<ul>
	<li>Comprehensive coverage from basic to advanced levels</li>
	<li>Exam-oriented strategies with best shortcut methods tailored for success</li>
	<li>A 100% conceptual approach to learning</li>
	<li>Offline PDF downloads available</li>
	<li>Topic-wise and Full mock exams for thorough preparation</li>
	<li>Engaging discussions on recent previous papers</li>
	<li>24/7 access to video courses, anytime, anywhere</li>
	<li>Option for offline video download for seamless studying.</li>
</ul>
Enroll now in our SCCL Junior Assistant (Singareni Junior Assistant) Online Course and pave your way towards a successful career with Singareni Collieries Company Limited!
For more details contact 8881888366 or 8886396665

SINGARENI (6  MONTHS OR 12 MONTHS VALIDITY) JUNIOR ASSISTANT (Grade-II/D-Grade) COMPLETE COURSE**

Welcome to the LIC AAO (Generalist) Online Course offered by VMR LOGICS App! This course is designed to prepare aspirants for the LIC AAO (Assistant Administrative Officer) exam conducted by the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). With a comprehensive curriculum covering all exam stages and subjects, our course aims to equip candidates with the knowledge and skills necessary to excel in this prestigious examination..
Course Structure: The LIC AAO (Generalist) exam consists of three stages: Prelims, Mains, and Personal Interview. Our course thoroughly covers the syllabus and topics included in each stage to ensure candidates are well-prepared.
<ol>
	<li>
	Preliminary Exam:
	<ul>
		<li>Sections: Reasoning, Quantitative Aptitude, English Language</li>
		<li>Topics Covered: Puzzles, Seating Arrangements, Direction Sense, Blood Relation, Syllogism, Order and Ranking, Coding-Decoding, Machine Input-Output, Inequalities, Alpha-Numeric-Symbol Series, Data Sufficiency, Logical Reasoning, Data Interpretation, Number Series, Approximation and Simplification, Miscellaneous Arithmetic Problems.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>
	Mains Exam:
	<ul>
		<li>Sections: Data Analysis &amp; Interpretation (For Generalists), General Awareness, Insurance &amp; Financial Market Awareness, Descriptive Test</li>
		<li>Topics Covered: Elementary Mathematics, Pie Charts, Bar Graphs, Data Handling, Data Derivation, Data Implementation, History of India, Indian Economics, Indian Constitution, Geography, Important Days, Books and Authors, Awards, Honors and Recognition, Countries, Capitals and Currencies, Science and Technology, Financial Institutions, National and International Organizations, Current Affairs, Indian Politics, Latest Policies, Development, Current Banking News, History Of Banking, History Of Insurance, Financial Institutes, Various Laws And Policies, Letter Writing, Essay.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ol>
Course Objectives:
<ol>
	<li>Provide a detailed understanding of the LIC AAO exam pattern, syllabus, and marking scheme.</li>
	<li>Offer comprehensive coverage of all topics included in the LIC AAO Prelims and Mains exams, ensuring thorough preparation.</li>
	<li>Develop candidates&#39; reasoning, quantitative aptitude, English language, data analysis, and interpretation skills through targeted lessons and practice.</li>
	<li>Equip candidates with exam-oriented strategies, shortcut methods, and time management techniques to enhance their performance.</li>
	<li>Foster a conceptual approach to learning, enabling candidates to apply their knowledge effectively during the exam.</li>
	<li>Offer offline PDF downloads, topic-wise and full mock exams, and engaging discussions on recent previous papers to facilitate comprehensive preparation.</li>
	<li>Provide 24/7 access to video courses, allowing candidates to study anytime, anywhere, at their convenience.</li>
	<li>Offer an option for offline video download for seamless studying, ensuring uninterrupted learning.</li>
</ol>
Course Features:
<ul>
	<li>Comprehensive coverage from basic to advanced levels</li>
	<li>Exam-oriented strategies with best shortcut methods tailored for success</li>
	<li>A 100% conceptual approach to learning</li>
	<li>Offline PDF downloads available</li>
	<li>Topic-wise and full mock exams for thorough preparation</li>
	<li>Engaging discussions on recent previous papers</li>
	<li>24/7 access to video courses, anytime, anywhere</li>
	<li>Option for offline video download for seamless studying</li>
</ul>
Enroll now in our LIC AAO (Generalist) Online Course and embark on your journey to success in the LIC AAO exam!
For further details call 8881888366, 8886396665

LIC AAO 2023 (1 MONTH OR 3 MONTHS OR 6 MONTHS  VALIDITY) (PRELIMS + MAINS) COMPLETE COURSE **

Welcome to the ICET Online Course offered by VMR LOGICS App! ICET, the Integrated Common Entrance Test, is conducted separately for Telangana State and Andhra Pradesh State for admission into M.B.A. and M.C.A. courses of all the Universities and their affiliated colleges. Our comprehensive course is designed to help aspirants prepare effectively for all sections of the ICET exam, including Analytical Ability, Mathematical Ability, and Communication Ability.
Course Objectives:
<ol>
	<li>To familiarize students with the exam pattern, syllabus, and marking scheme of the ICET exam.</li>
	<li>To provide a thorough understanding of the concepts, theories, and principles underlying each section of the ICET exam.</li>
	<li>To equip students with the necessary analytical, mathematical, and communication skills required to excel in the ICET exam.</li>
	<li>To enhance problem-solving abilities, critical thinking skills, and logical reasoning capabilities of students.</li>
	<li>To offer ample practice opportunities through exercises, quizzes, and mock tests to assess and improve proficiency.</li>
	<li>To instill confidence and boost the self-esteem of students by providing them with comprehensive study material and effective exam strategies.</li>
</ol>
Course Structure: The ICET exam consists of three sections, each focusing on different aspects of analytical, mathematical, and communication skills. Let&#39;s delve into the syllabus and topics covered under each section:
<ol>
	<li>
	Analytical Ability:
	<ul>
		<li>Data Sufficiency</li>
		<li>Problem Solving
		<ul>
			<li>Series</li>
			<li>Data Analysis</li>
			<li>Coding and Decoding Problems</li>
			<li>Date, Time &amp; Arrangement Problems</li>
		</ul>
		</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>
	Mathematical Ability: I. Arithmetical Ability II. Algebraical and Geometrical Ability III. Statistical Ability
	</li>
	<li>
	Communication Ability:
	<ul>
		<li>Vocabulary</li>
		<li>Grammar</li>
		<li>Computer and Business Terminology</li>
		<li>Comprehension</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ol>
Our course offers detailed explanations, practice exercises, and mock tests for each section to help candidates enhance their skills and confidence levels. Let&#39;s break down the topics covered in each section:
<ul>
	<li>Analytical Ability covers various types of reasoning and problem-solving questions to assess the candidate&#39;s logical thinking and analytical skills.</li>
	<li>Mathematical Ability encompasses topics such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and statistics to evaluate the candidate&#39;s mathematical aptitude and problem-solving abilities.</li>
	<li>Communication Ability evaluates the candidate&#39;s language proficiency, comprehension skills, and familiarity with computer and business terminology essential for effective communication in academic and professional settings.</li>
</ul>
Course Features:
<ul>
	<li>Comprehensive coverage of all sections and topics included in the ICET exam</li>
	<li>Detailed explanations and examples for better understanding</li>
	<li>Practice exercises and mock tests for each section to assess and improve proficiency</li>
	<li>Exam-oriented strategies and tips for effective preparation</li>
	<li>Access to offline PDF downloads for study material</li>
	<li>Topic-wise and full mock exams for thorough practice</li>
	<li>Discussion forums for interaction with instructors and peers</li>
	<li>24/7 access to video courses for flexible learning</li>
	<li>Option for offline video download for seamless studying</li>
</ul>
Enroll now in our ICET Online Course and embark on your journey towards success in the entrance examination for MBA and MCA courses!
 
For more details contact on phone numbers: 8881888366 or 8886396665

Digital Products

20 SUBJECTS EXCLUSIVE FULL COURSE USEFUL FOR ALL STATE AND CENTRAL EXAMS

SINGARENI (3 MONTHS VALIDITY) JUNIOR ASSISTANT COMPLETE COURSE**

360° All-in-one Ultimate Competitive Exam Mastery (EM): Current Affairs and General Awareness one year Success Pack (PDF booklets) for all competitive exams.

DAILY ASSIGNMENTS QUANT+REASONING+ENGLISH

DAILY MCQ's QUIZ (3 MONTHS VALIDITY)**

AP HIGH COURT BILINGUAL T/M & E/M COURSE)**

SINGARENI (6 MONTHS OR 12 MONTHS VALIDITY) JUNIOR ASSISTANT (Grade-II/D-Grade) COMPLETE COURSE**

LIC AAO 2023 (1 MONTH OR 3 MONTHS OR 6 MONTHS VALIDITY) (PRELIMS + MAINS) COMPLETE COURSE **

TS ICET 2025 (3 Months ,6 Months or 12 Months Validity)**